Heat the oven: Preheat to 400°F (205°C).
Lightly oil a sheet pan or line with parchment. Grease a 9x13-inch baking dish.
Mix the meatball base: In a large bowl, combine ground turkey/chicken and beef, eggs, oats or breadcrumbs, ricotta, half the Parmesan, garlic, onion, Italian seasoning, oregano, crushed red pepper (if using), salt, pepper, and herbs. If adding zucchini/carrot or protein powder, mix them in now.
Form meatballs: Stir gently just until combined.
Scoop into 1 1/2-inch balls (about golf-ball size). Light handling keeps them tender.
Brown for flavor: Arrange meatballs on the sheet pan and brush with a little olive oil. Bake for 12–15 minutes until lightly browned and mostly cooked through.
Alternatively, sear in a skillet over medium-high heat for 6–8 minutes, turning to brown all sides.
Layer the casserole: Spread 1 cup marinara in the baking dish. Nestle the meatballs in a single layer. Pour the remaining sauce evenly over the top.
Add the cheese: Sprinkle the remaining Parmesan and all the mozzarella evenly.
For extra browning, mist with a little olive oil.
Bake until bubbly: Lower oven to 375°F (190°C). Bake 18–22 minutes, until the sauce is bubbling and cheese is melted and golden at the edges.
Rest and garnish: Let the casserole rest 5–10 minutes to set. Garnish with fresh basil or parsley.
Serve hot.